What is an extrinsic risk factor?

An extrinsic Factor are variables that you are unable to control to prevent yourself from an injury. So an extrinsic risk factors are injuries you cannot blame it something that will happen natural or you have been led to that injury.

What secretes intrinsic factor?

Introduction. The intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (oxyntic cells) located at the gastric body and fundus. Intrinsic factor plays a crucial role in the transportation and absorption of the vital micronutrient vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) by the terminal ileum.

What is the function of Castle intrinsic factor?

Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the GIF gene.

Is intrinsic factor an enzyme?

In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the GIF gene. Haptocorrin (also known as HC, R protein, and transcobalamin I, TCN1) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B12....Intrinsic factor.

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What causes intrinsic factor?

However, the most common cause of vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia is a lack of a substance called intrinsic factor, which can be caused when your immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach cells that produce this substance. This type of anemia is called pernicious anemia.

Is there a blood test for intrinsic factor?

An intrinsic factor antibody (IF antibody) test may be used to help determine the cause of a vitamin B12 deficiency and to confirm a diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of intrinsic factor.

Can you inject B12 yourself?

The easiest site when self-administering an IM injection is the middle third of the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh. Other options include the deltoid muscle of the upper arm and the dorsogluteal site on the bottom. This maybe useful if you have a carer or a family member willing to administer your injection.

What stimulates the release of intrinsic factor?

Intrinsic factor is produced by the gastric parietal cell. Its secretion is stimulated via all pathways known to stimulate gastric acid secretion: histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine.

How do you find intrinsic factor?

Measurement of serum vitamin B12, either preceded or followed by serum methylmalonic acid measurement, is the first step in diagnosing pernicious anemia (PA). If these tests support deficiency, then intrinsic factor blocking antibody (IFBA) testing is indicated to confirm PA as the etiology.

Does the pancreas secrete intrinsic factor?

In the small intestine, pancreatic proteases digest the binding proteins, releasing vitamin B12 which then becomes bound to intrinsic factor. Finally, there are receptors for intrinsic factor on the ileal mucosa which bind the complex, allowing vitamin B12 to be absorbed into portal blood.

What cell releases Pepsinogen?

Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an inactive zymogen called pepsinogen. Parietal cells within the stomach lining secrete hydrochloric acid that lowers the pH of the stomach. A low pH (1.

What gland produces Pepsinogen?

PEPSIN. Pepsinogen is secreted from peptic (or chief) cells in the oxyntic gland. Some pepsinogen is also secreted from mucosal cells in the gastric antrum and the duodenum. In the presence of gastric acid this proenzyme is converted into active pepsin, which itself catalyzes further conversion from pepsinogen.

What causes Pepsinogen release?

In the stomach, gastric chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. The hormone gastrin and the vagus nerve trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested.

How are chief cells stimulated?

Chief cells release the zymogen (enzyme precursor) pepsinogen when stimulated by a variety of factors including cholinergic activity from the vagus nerve and acidic condition in the stomach. Gastrin and secretin may also act as secretagogues.

What hormone is secreted by chief cells?

PTH

Are Chief cells endocrine?

The chief cells of the parathyroid glands sense the amount of calcium in the blood, and release the calcium-increasing hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH) accordingly to correct or maintain normal blood calcium levels. It therefore regulates calcium metabolism as part of the endocrine system.

Where is intrinsic factor secreted What is its function?

Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach, where it binds with the vitamin. Thus bound, intrinsic factor protects vitamin B12 from digestion as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract and facilitates the vitamin's absorption in the ileum of the small intestine.